The defilement, which follows on from craving, is a clinging, of which there are four kinds:
1. Kamupadana: clinging to sensuality. Desire and effort to seek out sensual objects are naturally followed by clinging and attachment. When an objects of such gratification will produce clinging. In the event of disappointment or loss, attachment is based on yearning. Clinging becomes even stronger and generates further action in the quest for fulfillment. Because the desired objects provides no lasting satisfaction, nothing can ever really belong to the sense of ownership. The thinking of puthujhana is thus constantly clinging to and obsessed with one objects of desire or another. It is very difficult for such a mind to be free and unattached,
2. Dithupadana: clinging to views. Desire to be or not to be, produces bias and attachment to views, theories, or philosophical systems, and in turn to methods, ideas, creeds and teachings. When views are clung to, they become identified with a part of one's self. Thus, when confronted with a theory or view which contradicts one's own, it is taken as a personal threat. The self must fight to defend its position, which in turn gives rise to all kinds of conflicts. Such thoughts and views do not provide knowledge, but rather obstruct it.
3. Silabbhatupadana, clinging to mere rules or rituals. The desire to be and the fear of dissolution, together with attachment to view, in turn lead to blind adherence to those practices and methods, such as magic and occultism, which are believed to effectuate the desired result. The desires for self preservation and self expression manifest outwardly as blind attachment to modes of behavior, traditions, methods, creeds and institutions because there is no understanding of their true value or meaning. This in effects means that the creation of these methodologies and practices leads to stricture and confusion, making it difficult to effect any self - improvement or to drive any true benefit from them.
4. Attavadupadana: clinging to the ego - idea. The feeling for a true self is delusion at it feeling, such as language and communications, as words, human language and dhamma language, according to the venerable Buddhadhasa Bhikhu, produce an attachment to concepts and a tendency to see the stream of causal phenomena as fixed entities. The feeling develops into clinging when craving becomes involved. Implicit in craving is the clinging to a self in order to obtain the object of desire. Both craving to be and craving to cease are dependent on the perception of self. Fear of disintegration intensifies the desire for being and the struggle to survive, and thus the sense of self.
From clinging, the process of suffering continues up to becoming [ bhava ], birth, [ jati ], aging and death [ jaramarana ], and from there to sorrow, lamentation, grief, pain and despair as the whole mass of suffering. Any attemp to find a way out of this predicament is conditioned by habitual thought pattern, and dictated by biases, preference and views. Without awareness of the true state of things, the cycle begins once at ignorance and continues on forever.
By THE BUDDHA'S Core Teachings
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